Malnutrition is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Assessment of nutritional status is mandatory for all CKD patients. Many tools are available for assessing the nutritional status. Patients with CKD need to follow a healthy diet plan to maintain normal protein stores and to avoid metabolic complications. This article deals with the practical aspects of nutrition in patients with CKD.

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Nutrition is an integral part of science, medicine, and life in general. The Bhagavad Gita, an ancient religious scripture of India, discusses nutrition, metabolism, and endocrinology in surprisingly great detail. This paper highlights aspects of these subjects that are covered in this book, trying to achieve concordance between ancient wisdom and modern science. It proposes an overlap between the metabolic classification mentioned in the Gita [sattvika, rajsika, tamsika] and endocrine or metabolic diseases recognized today

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Nutrition in critically ill patients has traversed a long journey ever since its introduction in the pre-historic times. The nineteenth and the twentieth century have seen a flurry of advancements in enteral and parenteral nutritional practices which have given birth to modern day critical nutrition. The transition has been gradual which has led to evidence based nutritional practices leading to improved outcome in critically ill patients. The advancements have also enabled the answering of many controversial aspects related to nutrition in intensive care unit patients. The future of nutritional supplementation in critically ill patients holds well as many vital areas are being worked upon in numerous randomized clinical controlled trials throughout the globe. The current review describes a long journey of various facts related to critical care nutrition from the past to present and possible clinical status in future.

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Background : Coconut oil is the major cooking oil used by the people of Kerala. On account of its hypercholesterolemic effects, people are shifting to sunflower oil as an alternate cooking medium. The effect of dietary fats on small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, a newly recognized cardiovascular risk factor, has not been thoroughly investigated in this population. Materials and Methods : We compared the effect of these two cooking oils on apolipoprotein B (apo B) and LDL-cholesterol/LDL-apo B ratio, which is a surrogate for small, dense LDL particles, among 62 control subjects and 64 subjects with type 2 diabetes. The subjects were divided into two subgroups based on the type of cooking medium used (coconut oil/sunflower oil). Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apo B were estimated, and the LDL-cholesterol/LDL-apo B ratio was calculated from these estimations. Results : Triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and apo B concentrations were significantly higher among diabetic subjects compared to the control groups. A predominance of small, dense LDL particles indicated by low LDL-cholesterol/LDL-apo B ratio was observed among subjects of both control and diabetic groups. These parameters were not significantly different between subjects with the same clinical condition, but using different cooking media. Conclusions : Small, dense LDL particles could be a major risk factor in this population, given its high prevalence in the study population. As the parameters studied did not differ significantly between the subgroups, it may be concluded that a change in the type of cooking medium has not considerably affected these parameters.

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Background: There have been several studies in many parts of the world with regard to the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. These studies showed high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in vulnerable groups such as elderly and maybe associated with many adverse health outcomes. There are no data on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its influencing factors in elderly population in Damascus. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Syrian elderly living in nursing homes. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and ten elderly (110 males and 100 females) participated in this study; their ages ranged from 65-92 years and were randomly selected from two nursing homes in Damascus. 25-hydroxy vitamin D serum levels were measured; fat percentage and BMI were identified in addition to their dietary habits such as their calcium intake, vegetables intake, and dairy products intake. The durations of their exposure to sun and their physical status were also indentified. Results: 169 elderly residents (80.5%) were vitamin D deficient. Their serum 25(OH) D level was: S15 ng/mL [: S37.5 nmol/L]. Using a cut-off level of 25(OH) D of: S20 ng/ml [: S50 nmol/l] 29 participants or (13.8%) were vitamin D insufficient. Overall 198 (94.3%) of study participants were either vitamin D deficient or/and insufficient. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varied between men (75.6%) and women (86%). It has been found that serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D concentrations were lower in females than in males but body mass index (BMI) did not correlate with vitamin D values contrary to fat percentage. Consumption of dairy products, vegetables, calcium and supplements increased serum levels in addition to sun exposure and physical status as well. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were highly prevalent in elderly, and more common in women.

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Background : Traditionally, a fat child is considered as an 'attractive' child and is often referred to as a 'healthy' child, one who is likely to survive the rigors of undernourishment and infection. The obesity has been defined as a condition of abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue, to the extent that health may be impaired. Obesity can be seen as the first wave of a defined cluster of non communicable diseases called "New World Syndrome" creating an enormous socioeconomic and public health burden in poorer countries. Objective : To study the prevalence of childhood obesity in study area. Materials and Methods : The present cross-sectional study was carried out in Municipal Corporation area among school going children during the period of 1 ^st Sept 2009 to 31 ^st August 2010. We prepared the list of children, roll number wise from selected school. Four hundred school children were included in study (286 from government school and 114 from private school). Selection was done by systematic sampling method. First we selected 10 ^th roll number and then every 10 ^th roll number children was included in the study. Those children who were absent on the day of survey were not included. The weight and height was measurement by the investigator himself to avoid possible observer's bias. Shoes, Chapels were removed before taking the weight and weight. Results and Conclusion : The study conducted among a sample of 400 school children of Municipal corporation area revealed that 30 (7.5%) of the children were overweight, 25 (6.3%) were obese and 345 (86.3%) of them were normal. Out of a total of 400 children screened, 206 (51.5%) were girls and 194 (48.5%) were boys. Among the total girls, 10.2% were overweight and 6.3% were obese, 83.5% were normal. Similarly, among total boys 4.6% were overweight and 6.2% were obese, 89.2% were normal. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were higher in girls than boys. Difference in the distribution of children according to sex was not statistically significant. The age group of 13-14 years showed highest prevalence in overweight (18%) and obesity (9%).

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Context: Adolescence is a period of rapid transition of such a magnitude that it is associated with the onset or exacerbation of a number of nutrition- and health-related problems. Teachers and health service providers are expectedly the educated stakeholders who could provide them the needed correct nutrition and health guidance. Aims: To assess the extent of nutrition- and health-related guidance given to adolescents by their school teachers and health service providers from the perspective of adolescents. Settings and Design: The design of the study was cross-sectional. It was conducted in Block Beri District, Jhajjar (Haryana). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 320 students in the adolescent age group. Adolescents from the ninth to twelfth grade classes (80 from each school) were selected by simple random sampling, from four randomly chosen large Government Senior Secondary schools, with a strength of more than 250 students (two girls and two boys/co-ed Senior Secondary Schools). Data were collected on pre-designed, pretested, and semi-structured schedules by conducting in-depth interviews with the study adolescents. Statistical Analyses Used: Proportions, chi square test, Fisher exact test, chi square test with Yates correction, t test. Results and Conclusions: Guidance received from their teachers regarding character building and/or moral values (267/320) (83.4%), personal hygiene (278/320) (86.9%), and orodental hygiene (252/320) (78.8%), was good. Overall, the guidance on nutrition/anemia and substance abuse received from teachers was found to be (168/320) (52.5%) and (173/320) (54.1%), respectively. Guidance on issues like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)/sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/Reproductive tract infection (RTIs)/menstrual hygiene received by adolescents from both their teachers and health service providers (HSPs) was found to be very low, that is, 61/320 (19.1%) and 59/320 (18.4%) adolescents, respectively.

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Background: Bibliometric analysis of a journal is a method to assess the research impact or research influence of that journal. This study aims to perform the bibliometric analysis of the Journal of Medical Nutrition and Nutraceuticals (JMNN), which is a relatively new journal, striving to spread knowledge about medical nutrition and nutraceutical therapy. Materials and Methods: The publications of the year 2012 - 2013 of JMNN were analyzed. The total number of articles published, type of articles, their authorship, and the coverage of various sub-specialties were studied. The publications were also classified under Indian or foreign origin and from academic or non-academic institutions, depending upon the institution of the first author. Results and Conclusions: A total of four main issues were published in JMNN in the year 2012 - 2013, including a total of 46 publications. The review articles were published maximally. All the sub-specialties were well covered, the largest being diabetes/endocrinology. Both academic and non-academic institutions have contributed almost equally toward this journal. The journal has been able to attract the attention of the foreign authors as well. Articles from all parts of the country have been published in JMNN, but the maximum contribution has been from Haryana.

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